States of Consciousness Free Essay Example, 1250 words

There are two major theories of sleep: Repair/ Restoration Theory Evolutionary/circadian theory. Let us look at the two theories and see how the two evolved. Repair/Restoration Theory: The repair theory states that our activities during the day have a depleting effect on the key factors in our brain and body. So therefore the purpose of sleep is to serve as a recuperative purpose to the human body and allow it to repair and replenish itself. It should be noted here that according to the repair and restoration theory, not only is our physical body repaired but our emotional and intellectual demands are restored as well. The scientific proof for this theory comes from research conducted about the release of growth hormones during sleep which proved that during level 4 sleep a growth hormone is released inside the body which control functions such as metabolism, physical growth, and brain development (Huffman). Another key finding which supports the repair theory is that people tend to sleep for longer when they have been deprived of sleep for long periods of time. The 17 year old student who stayed awake for 264 consecutive hours in 1965 then slept for 14 hours the first time he slept after attempting the record as opposed to his average sleep cycle of 8 hours. We will write a custom essay sample on States of Consciousness or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now (Huffman) (Division of Sleep - Harvard Medical School) Evolutionary/ Circadian Theory: The evolutionary theory states that sleep is because of basic circadian rhythms. According to this view, sleep evolved because of the fact that humans needed to conserve their energy when they were not looking for mates or for prey to hunt. Sleep also allowed humans to stay still at times when predators are active. The main proof for the evolutionary/circadian theory comes from a simple look at nature. Opossums for example have no trouble finding food and safe shelters and therefore sleep for many hours each day. Other animals such as sheep and horses that have no other defense against predators than to run away and that have an innate need to constantly forage for food, sleep for only a few hours a day. (Huffman) (Division of Sleep - Harvard Medical School) As we have just seen, both theories carry weight and have scientific proofs. It is obvious that we need the physical and emotional repair and restoration that sleep provides after our everyday activities. However, we can also see that bears do not hibernate throughout the winter to simply recover and restore their bodies. It is therefore clear that a need to conserve energy when the environment is hostile exists as well.

Compare and Contrast Marina Nemat Essay - 952 Words

Compare and Contrast Essay The novel Prisoner of Tehran by Marina Nemat is a memoir about the many challenges of growing up in Iran. Some of the challenges that she faced were serving time in the Evin Prison for speaking out against the Iranian government, escaping a death sentence and finally fleeing Iran for a new life in Canada. Persepolis is a memoir written by Marjane Satrapi, which is an autobiographical graphic novel that explores a childhood in Iran during the turbulent years surrounding the 1979 Iranian Revolution. It also talks about how the government was overthrown, the theocracy that was introduced, and the war with neighboring Iraq. Marina and Marjane are both heroes because they stand up for what they believe in, they†¦show more content†¦The Main differences in how Marina and Marjane became heroes is that Marina is very brave in the sense that she went through so much in her life and she is still fighting for human rights in Iran. Marjane does things a bit different in the perception t hat she grows up with the many new rules that are introduced into women’s lives that she deals with in a very contradictory way. Marina try’s to promote equality for women by speaking out against the government in the hopes that women could be treated the same as men. This did not turn out so well for her as she was put in the notorious Evin Prison where she was beat and raped. However she was brave when asked about her schoolmates prior to being put in prison and she replied â€Å"I won’t give you any names. If I give you names you’ll arrest them. I don’t want that to happen.†(pg.15) Marjane tries to encourage equality for women by attending movements so that Iran could become a country were justice would flourish throughout. In one occasion her mother says â€Å"Bad people are dangerous but forgiving them is too. Don’t worry, there is justice on earth.†(pg.53) Marjane also does things like taking her veil off in public with her friends so that her friends can see that women should be able to show off their hair, just like men do. The difference in trying to promote equality for the women of Iran that Marjane and Marina portray is that Marina tries to get equality through joining revolts and attending

National Issues in Election 2008 Free Essays

The five most important issues of Election 2008 (in no particular order) are: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The economy: How will the United States correct the recession and what can be done to protect Americans from a recession in the future? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The war in Iraq: How will America extract itself from Iraq? Can America extract itself from Iraq? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on National Issues in Election 2008 or any similar topic only for you Order Now   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Immigration: Immigrants, primarily in the form of unskilled workers from Mexico, are arriving in the United States in unprecedented numbers. There are now over 10 million unauthorized immigrants living in the United States (Passel, 2005, pp.   4-5).   How will America address the problem of illegal immigration and the need for guest workers? 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education: American high school students ranked 25th out of 30 nations in recent comparisons of math and science skills (Glod, 2007). Many American students graduate from high school without being able to read, and many others drop out of school altogether. How can America fix its broken educational system? 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Energy policy: Rising oil prices have underscored America’s dependency on foreign oil, raising economic concerns and concerns about security. Energy is also closely related to the environment. Can the United States find sustainable and affordable sources of environmentally friendly energy? What should be the government’s role in solving these problems? The answer depends on your political perspective. The economy Political Left: America’s economic problems are the result of the natural tendency of corporations to put their own interests ahead of what is best for the country. This problem can be solved if the government did a better job of regulating businesses and financial institutions. Political Right: Recessions are part of a natural cycle of economic activity, as the economy makes necessary corrections. Economic problems can be solved by encouraging investment through lower tax rates, less government intrusion, and the creation of new markets for goods and services. In a capitalistic economy, jobs are created by businesses, not by governments. Political Center: Some government regulation of business practices is necessary to protect American jobs and incomes. Government and private business must work together to create jobs for American workers. The War Political Left: Can’t we all just get along? International disputes are best handled through diplomatic means. America should withdraw as quickly as possible from Iraq and should avoid similar conflicts with other nations in the future. Political Right: The Homeland must be defended! Backing down sends the wrong message to terrorists and to our allies. America must be strong if we are to be respected. Political Center: War is a necessary evil, but should not be a first response. America should conclude its business in Iraq as quickly as possible, and then leave. Other nations should know that America has the capacity and will to protect itself, but will do so only if necessary. Immigration Political Left: America is a nation of immigrants. Rejecting immigrants now is hypocritical and racist. Immigrants should have the same rights as anyone else in the country and should not live in fear of being deported.   Government should make it easier for immigrants to be documented. Political Right: The Right seems to be divided on this issue. On one hand, conservatives want the cheap labor that is provided by undocumented workers. On the other hand, conservatives fear that immigration is changing the culture and – let’s be honest – the complexion of the United States. The Right argues that immigrants are taking jobs away from Americans, yet they continue to employ undocumented immigrants to do jobs that Americans will not do. These conflicts probably explain why the Right has such a hard time articulating any type of coherent policy on immigration and cannot seem to decide what the role of government should be on this issue. Political Center: Immigrants, a.k.a., guest workers, are an important part of the American economy; however, once they come to the United States, immigrants need to learn English and make show proper respect for American culture. This is the United States, not the Estados Unidos. It is the responsibility of government to help assimilate immigrates and to ensure that no terrorists cross the border masquerading as a guest worker. Education The Right: Government should not have a monopoly on education. American students are failing because schools have no motivation to improve. Privatizing education would create competition and improve the quality of schools. The Left: Schools are failing because they are underfunded. It is the role of government to invest in the future of this country, which includes investing in schools. The Center: Public schools deserve public support. The role of government is to provide funding for public education. In cases where schools are failing to teach, it is the role of government to ensure that every child has opportunity to learn, which may mean sending some children to private schools. Energy policy The Left: Green is good! It is the role of government to regulate and, if necessary, control energy production and distribution. Extreme Left would probably advocate for public ownership of all energy companies. The Right: Energy production reflects consumer demands. When people want greener fuels, companies will provide them. Government should support research on energy sources, but it is not the place of government to control prices or distribution of gasoline and other energy sources. The Center: Government should allow free markets for gasoline and other energy sources, but should intervene when profits reach extortion levels and people cannot afford to buy gasoline. Government should support research on alternative fuels. Reference Glod, M. (2007). U.S. Teens Trail Peers Around World on Math-Science Test. Washington Post (December 5, 2007), p. A07. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/04/AR2007120400730.html Passel, J.   (2005).   Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics.   Background Briefing Prepared for Task Force on Immigration and America’s Future.   Washington, D.C.: Pew Hispanic Center.   Retrieved April 1, 2008, from http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Hispanics_in_America/PHC_immigrants_0605.pdf How to cite National Issues in Election 2008, Essay examples

All Quite On The Western Front Essay Example For Students

All Quite On The Western Front Essay All Quiet on the Western Front shows the change in attitudes of the men before and during the war. This novel is able to portray the overwhelming effects and power war has to deteriorate the human spirit. Starting out leaving youre home and family pr d and ready to fight for you country, to ending up tired and scarred both physically and mentally beyond description. At the beginning of the novel nationalist feelings are present through pride of Paul and the rest of the boys. However at the end of the war it is apparent how pointless war really is. *All Quiet on the Western Front is a novel that greatly helps in the understanding the effects war. The novel best shows the attitudes of the soldiers before the war and during the war. Before the war there are high morals and growing nationalist feel gs. During the war however, the soldiers discover the trauma of war. They discover that it is a waste of time and their hopes and dreams of their life fly further and further away. The remains of Paul Baumers company had moved behind the German front l es for a short rest at the beginning of the novel. After Behm became Pauls first dead schoolmate, Paul viewed the older generation bitterly, particularly Kantorek, the teacher who convinced Paul and his classmates to join the military. While they tau t that duty to ones country is the greatest thing, we already that death-throes are stronger. And we saw that there was nothing of their world left. We were all at once terribly alone; and alone we must see it through.P. 13 Paul felt completely etrayed. We will make ourselves comfortable and sleep, and eat as much as we can stuff into our bellies, and drink and smoke so that hours are not wasted. Life is short. P 139 Views of death and becoming more comfortable with their destiny in the r became more apparent throughout the novel. Paul loses faith in the war in each passing day. * Through out the novel it was evident that the war scarred the soldiers permanently mentally. Everyone was scared to go to war when it started. Young recruits were first sent because the veterans knew they were going to come back dead. When we run t again, although I am very excited, I suddenly think: wheres Himmelstoss? Quickly I jump back into the dug-out and find him with a small scratch lying in a corner pretending to be wounded. P 131 Even the big men like Himmelstoss are scared to go ght. He is in a panic; he is new to it too. But it makes me mad that the young recruits should be out there and he here. P 131 The soldiers were being crushed and seeing things get destroyed, but because they had detached themselves they thought t y were able to handle it. We believe in such things no longer, we believe in  war.P.88 That was Pauls motto. Although, as time went on he began to realize something wasnt right. He tried to replace these feelings with pleasure, so he spent the ight at the French girls house. After he just felt worse and unfulfilled. we are crude and sorrowful and superficial I believe we are lost.P123 When Paul realizes that we are all brothers, true mental struggle is seen. Comrade, I did not ant to kill youWhy do they never tell us you are poor devils like us and that you have the same fear of deathIf we could just throw away these riffles and this uniform you could be my brother P. 223-224. The apparent change in views on e war has become extremely apparent. .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .postImageUrl , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:hover , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:visited , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:active { border:0!important; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:active , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Inspector Calls EssayIn a war there is obviously apparent physical scars. As seen throughout the entire book, the destruction of war is great, on not only lives and property, but also on the human spirit. The young men in this book and of those of the times were subjec to physical torment. Eyes were blinded from such sights as, limbs being blown off, blood flowing everywhere, and innocent men dying in agony. When soldiers take shelter in the graveyard, bombs explode all around them; the living hide in coffins and th dead are thrown from their graves. The destructive power is so great that even the fundamental differences between life and death become blurred. All Quiet on the Western Front is a novel that portrayed World War I as it actually was. It is able to show all aspects of the actual war. It told the truth and showed the effects it had on the human spirit and views of war. It began with pride and e ed with agony.

All Quite On The Western Front Essay Example For Students

All Quite On The Western Front Essay All Quiet on the Western Front shows the change in attitudes of the men before and during the war. This novel is able to portray the overwhelming effects and power war has to deteriorate the human spirit. Starting out leaving youre home and family pr d and ready to fight for you country, to ending up tired and scarred both physically and mentally beyond description. At the beginning of the novel nationalist feelings are present through pride of Paul and the rest of the boys. However at the end of the war it is apparent how pointless war really is. *All Quiet on the Western Front is a novel that greatly helps in the understanding the effects war. The novel best shows the attitudes of the soldiers before the war and during the war. Before the war there are high morals and growing nationalist feel gs. During the war however, the soldiers discover the trauma of war. They discover that it is a waste of time and their hopes and dreams of their life fly further and further away. The remains of Paul Baumers company had moved behind the German front l es for a short rest at the beginning of the novel. After Behm became Pauls first dead schoolmate, Paul viewed the older generation bitterly, particularly Kantorek, the teacher who convinced Paul and his classmates to join the military. While they tau t that duty to ones country is the greatest thing, we already that death-throes are stronger. And we saw that there was nothing of their world left. We were all at once terribly alone; and alone we must see it through.P. 13 Paul felt completely etrayed. We will make ourselves comfortable and sleep, and eat as much as we can stuff into our bellies, and drink and smoke so that hours are not wasted. Life is short. P 139 Views of death and becoming more comfortable with their destiny in the r became more apparent throughout the novel. Paul loses faith in the war in each passing day. * Through out the novel it was evident that the war scarred the soldiers permanently mentally. Everyone was scared to go to war when it started. Young recruits were first sent because the veterans knew they were going to come back dead. When we run t again, although I am very excited, I suddenly think: wheres Himmelstoss? Quickly I jump back into the dug-out and find him with a small scratch lying in a corner pretending to be wounded. P 131 Even the big men like Himmelstoss are scared to go ght. He is in a panic; he is new to it too. But it makes me mad that the young recruits should be out there and he here. P 131 The soldiers were being crushed and seeing things get destroyed, but because they had detached themselves they thought t y were able to handle it. We believe in such things no longer, we believe in  war.P.88 That was Pauls motto. Although, as time went on he began to realize something wasnt right. He tried to replace these feelings with pleasure, so he spent the ight at the French girls house. After he just felt worse and unfulfilled. we are crude and sorrowful and superficial I believe we are lost.P123 When Paul realizes that we are all brothers, true mental struggle is seen. Comrade, I did not ant to kill youWhy do they never tell us you are poor devils like us and that you have the same fear of deathIf we could just throw away these riffles and this uniform you could be my brother P. 223-224. The apparent change in views on e war has become extremely apparent. .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .postImageUrl , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:hover , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:visited , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:active { border:0!important; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:active , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Inspector Calls EssayIn a war there is obviously apparent physical scars. As seen throughout the entire book, the destruction of war is great, on not only lives and property, but also on the human spirit. The young men in this book and of those of the times were subjec to physical torment. Eyes were blinded from such sights as, limbs being blown off, blood flowing everywhere, and innocent men dying in agony. When soldiers take shelter in the graveyard, bombs explode all around them; the living hide in coffins and th dead are thrown from their graves. The destructive power is so great that even the fundamental differences between life and death become blurred. All Quiet on the Western Front is a novel that portrayed World War I as it actually was. It is able to show all aspects of the actual war. It told the truth and showed the effects it had on the human spirit and views of war. It began with pride and e ed with agony.

Titanic Essay Research Paper Night of TerrorOn free essay sample

Titanic Essay, Research Paper Night of TerrorOn April 14,1912 a great ship called the Titanic sankon its inaugural ocean trip. That dark there were many warnings oficebergs from other ships. There seems to be a struggle onwhether or non the warnings reached the span. We may neverknow the reply to this inquiry. The greatest calamity ofall may be that there were non adequate lifeboats for everyoneon board. Harmonizing to Walter Lord, writer of The Night Lives On, the Titanic could hold been saved in the really get downing ofthe crisis when the iceberg was foremost reported to thebridge. If First Officer Murdoch had steamed right at theiceberg alternatively of seeking to avoid it, he might hold savedthe ship. The writer feels at that place would hold been a loudcrash and anyone within the first one hundred pess wouldhave been killed, but the ship would hold remainedafloat ( 82 ) . This position was wholly guess and we willnever truly cognize if this would hold happened. We will write a custom essay sample on Titanic Essay Research Paper Night of TerrorOn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In contrast, Geoffrey Marcus, writer of The MaidenVoyage, suggests that the span did non have warning ofthe ice from the really get downing. One of the messagesreceived was from the Masaba warning the Titanic of a massof ice lying consecutive in front. Harmonizing to Marcus, themessage neer reached the span, but alternatively was shovedunder a paper-weight ( 126 ) . At 10:30 p.m. that eventide, a ship traveling the oppositedirection of the Titanic was sighted. This ship, theRappahannock, had emerged from an ice field and hadsustained harm to its rudder. The vas signaled theTitanic about the ice and the Titanic replied that themessage was received ( Marcus 127 ) . At 11 p.m. another ice study was received. This onewas from the Californian. This line drive had passed through thesame ice field that the Rappahannock had reported to theTitanic. Like all the other warnings, this warning neverreached the span though it was known to both of theTitanic # 8217 ; s radio operators ( Marcus 12 8 ) . By the clip the span realized the ship was about tohit an iceberg, it was excessively late. Quartermaster Hitchenstried to turn the wheel hard to the starboard. Twentyseconds subsequently, he had an order for full velocity astern but theiceberg was excessively close. The starboard side hit the iceberg, conveying a block of ice onto the deck ( Pellegrino 21 ) . After the hit occurred, there was merely one thingopen for Captain Smith to make. It was about midnight and hegave the order to take to the lifeboats ( Lord, Lives On82 ) . This determination brought Captain Smith face-to-face withthe fact that there were 2,201 people on board and adequate lifeboats for merely 1,178 people ( Lord, Lives On 83 ) . TheCaptain was traveling to hold to do a pick as to who wouldbe the first allowed on the lifeboats. Around 12:30 ante meridiem thebridge informed the crew that lone adult females and kids wouldbe loaded on the lifeboats ( Eaton, Haas,152 ) . By 1:30 ante meridiem, there was terr or among some of thepassengers. One illustration was on the larboard side of the boat. Agroup of riders threatened to leap into a boat full ofpassengers. To frighten them, one of the officers fired threeshots on the ship # 8217 ; s side. The warning proved to besuccessful. Cipher was injured and the riders calmeddown ( Eaton and Haas 154 ) . At the last minutes with lone 40 seven availablespaces on the last lifeboat, the crew instructed everyone toform a circle around the boat. Women and kids were theonly people permitted to go through through the circle. A littlewhile after the last lifeboat left, the after part lifted clearout of the H2O with more than 1500 people still on board ( Eaton and Haas 157-161 ) . The climatic minute came at 2:20 a.m. The Titanic stoodperpendicular to the H2O. As people in the lifeboatslooked on, they noticed the ship stayed perpendicular for aminute and so disappeared to the underside of the ocean ( Lord, Lives on 137 ) . Captain Rostron of the ship Ca rpathia determined thedistance to the Titanic and rapidly calculated the class toanswer the Titanic # 8217 ; s straiten call ( Eaton and Haas 177 ) . Once the Carpathia reached the lifeboats, it did nottake long to lade the riders on board. It was 4:45 a.m.when the last lifeboat was loaded on board. The survivorspeered around the Promenade Deck, seeking for familymembers lost ( Lord, To Remember 152-53 ) . Why wasn # 8217 ; t their adequate lifeboats for everyone? TheTitanic came under a modulating board that made Torahs forvessels over 10,000 dozenss. In 1894 merely 20 lifeboats wereneeded. This figure was neer changed when the size of shipsincreased, and because of this, over a 1000 lives werelost ( Lord, Lives On 84 ) . Another job with the lifeboats was that there wasno consistence in lading them. To Officer Lightoller, womenand kids foremost meant no work forces were allowed to board. Inmany instances this meant many lifeboats were non filled to maximal capacity. Officer Murdoch put work forces on the lifeboatswhen there were no adult females about. Therefore, a adult male # 8217 ; s life ordeath , depended on what side of the ship he was standing on(Lord, Lives on 116). On a luxury ship, lifeboats for everyone would meanless room for games and sports on the upper decks.Passengers would have had to give up play areas forlifeboats (Lord, Lives On 85). White Star line tragicallysacrificed safety for luxury. The question remains whether or not first and secondclass passengers received preference on the lifeboats. TheWhite Star line claims there was no distinction between thethree classes of passengers, however, only 25 percent ofthird class passengers were saved compared to 53 percent offirst and second class passengers. The White Star lineexplained that third class passengers were more reluctant toleave the ship and they did not want to part from theirbelongings. The surviving crew of the Titanic also claimedthat there was no discrimination. Yet at the British Inquiryof the accident, not a single third class passenger wascalled as a witness (Lord, Lives On 93-9 4). One aspect of the tragedy that the White Star line canbe proud of is the fact that the Titanic was spared a panic.The crew did not try to go on lifeboats ahead of thepassengers as they did when the French liner La Bourgognewent down in 1898. Most of the passenger remained calm andthe crew did their duty ( Lord, Lives On 127). One of the most intriguing mysteries of the tragedy wassurrounding the ship’s band. It is believed the band playedright to the end. Where or what they played remains a greatmystery, as eyewitness accounts vary greatly (Lord, Lives On 135). Five days after the Titanic sank, the Bremen was on itsway to New York. The passengers saw victims of the Titanicin the ocean.† We saw the body of one woman dressed only inher night dress, and clasping a baby to her breast,† onethe passengers recalled. Another passenger of the Bremenlater reported : Close by was the body of another woman with her arms tightly clasped around a shaggy dog†¦ We saw th e bodies of three men in a group, all clinging to a chair. Floating by just beyond them were the bodies of a dozen men, all wearing life belts and clinging desperately together as though in their last struggle for life. (Ward 180) The aftermath of the disaster changed the way peoplethought about the sea and ships. If one lesson was learned,it was that there needs to be enough lifeboats for everyoneon a ship. Luxuries should always come second to apassengers safety. Since the time of this disaster, everyship has enough lifeboats for everyone on board and alsoperforms mandatory lifeboat drills. Walter Lord, the author of A Night to Remember ,remarked that : The Titanic has come to stand for a world of tranquillity and civility that we have somehow lost†¦ In 1912, people had confidence. Now nobody is sure of anything and the more uncertain we become , the more we long for a happier era when we felt we knew the answers. (170) In 1985, Dr. Robert Ballard of the Woods HoleOceanograph ic Institution in Massachusetts set out to find the Titanic. That summer, he went aboard the U.S. Navyresearch ship Knorr. The ship used its sonar equipment toexplore eighty percent of the ocean floor where the Titanicwas believed to be. On September 1, after studying the video screens, Dr.Ballard discovered where the Titanic was lying. On a second expedition made in July of 1986, Ballardbrought his small vessel called the Alvin to the site. Hisfindings were as follows: Contrary to a long-held belief, the Titanic had not been sliced open by the iceberg. Instead, the researchers found that the ship’s starboard bow plates had buckled under the impact of the collision, thereby opening up the ship to the sea. Another major discovery was that the stern of the Titanic had wrenched itself away from the rest of the ship in its descent to the bottom. (Ward 186) The last survivor of the Titanic recently died in herhome in Massachusetts. With her death, many of theunanswered questions o f the Titanic may have also died.Hopefully, a tragedy like this will never have to happenagain. As stated before, ships are now expected to haveenough lifeboats for everyone on board. Ships also routetheir lanes farther to the south during iceberg season. Hopefully in some small way this will make a difference ifsuch an accident at sea should ever occur again. Work CitedEaton, John P., and Charles A. Haas. Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986. PP 152-184. Pellegrino, Charles. Her Name Titanic. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988. PP 20-21. Marcus, Geoffrey. The Maiden Voyage. New York: The Viking Press, 1969. PP 35-128. Lord, Walter. A Night To Remember. Mattituck: American House, 1955. PP 152-170. —. The Night Lives On. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1986. PP 82-137. Ward, Kaari, ed. Great Disasters. Pleasantville: The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc., 1989. PP 180-87.

Cro- Magnons

entrances, while others built huts in forested areas. As better hunting methods developed, Cro-Magnons built more permanent homes. Long houses holding many families were made of stone blocks. There is archaeological evidence that communities of 30 to 100 people lived together. To their technological advances, the Cro- Magnons added accomplished artistry. They creat- ed cave paintings like those found at Lascaux (la .sKOH) and Vallon-Pont-d' Arc (vah. YOHN pohn DAHRK), both in France, as well as those at numerous other cave sites in Spain and Africa. Researchers so far can only speculate on the pur- pose behind the mysterious wall images. Perhaps the hunting scenes were educational, designed to teach young hunters how to recognize prey. On the other hand, the Cro-Magnon painters may have been reaching out to the spiritual world, creating images meant to have mystical powers that would help the hunters. Archaeologists have discovered some Cro- Magnon figures sculpted from clay or carved from reindeer antlers. They have also found figures of ivory and bone decorated with animal drawings and abstract designs. Some of these artifacts may well have been used in magic rituals and probably reflect Cro-Magnon beliefs about spirits thought to live in animals, plants, the earth, and the sky. During the Neolithic period and immediately after, humanity made one of its greatest cultural advances. New environments had developed with the end of the last Ice Age, and forests and grass- lands appeared in many areas. Over some 5,000 years, people gradually shifted from gathering and hunting food to producing food. Because new agri- cultural methods led to tremendous changes in peoples' lifestyles, this period is usually called the Neolithic Revolution.

Marriage and Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marriage and Religion - Research Paper Example Couples of different religion such as Catholic and Jewish had to face several challenges. The church does not support and encourage the practice of marriage between catholic and Jewish. The traditional perspective on Jewish marriage was contractual bond between man and woman which is commanded by god. Catholics people believe that marriage is the gift which is in the hand of gods. Both religion vividly follow the practices entertain in the church. This research paper will discuss about the marriages that does not work if people support different religions such as Catholic and Jewish. Until recent decades, it is really uncommon for people to marry of different religion backgrounds. But in this generation, people are marrying outside the faith and religion. There are several challenges that arise due to interfaith marriages. Over the last decade in United States, more than 45% of marriages are of different religion. Interfaith couples i.e. couples of different religion are often tend to marry each other regardless of the practical religion problems. The rate of divorce of marriage of different religion is very high. According to the survey in the year 2001, reveals that 23% of the Catholics and 27% of Jewish are married to people of different religion identification. It is also stated that different religion identification marriage are maximum between 26 to 35 years. 58% of the marriages are between 26 and 35. The ethical norms and values of certain religion are hampered due to interfaith marriages. In the year 2011, it has been surveys that different religion mar riages can lead to divorce or separated. It has been found that three times the number of mixed religion marriages are divorced than that of same religion marriages. Divorce rate of couple who are religious is 20%. Mixed religion marriages can eventually has disagreement over the raising of children. There can be certain disagreement

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Finance - Essay Example This means they can both be implemented because they add value to the shareholders wealth. However, if only one investment opportunity was to be carried out in a limited period of six years, Penta Ltd should consider investing in retail business because it has a higher net present value of  £ 1,659,000 as compared with that of building a new factory, which has net present value of  £ 1,207,000. The methods used to appraise investment opportunities use either non-discounted values or discounted values. The most appropriate investment appraisal technique for the two investment opportunities anticipated by Penta Ltd is the Discounted Net Present Value method. Discounted Net Present Value method is defined as the summation of all discounted net cash flows that accrue to an investment opportunity in a defined period of time (Brigham and Houston 2009 p. 338). The method considers time value of money received and spent in a given project in a specified period of time. If the net present value is greater than zero (NPV>0), the investment opportunity will be implemented because it adds value to the company. If the net present value is zero (NPV= 0), the investment may or may not be undertaken. Other factors such as competition, socio-cultural and political issues may be considered to enable the manager or project director to invest or not. However, when the net present value is less than zero (NPV

Pregnant Mothers and Babies Deserve a Better Deal Essay

Pregnant Mothers and Babies Deserve a Better Deal - Essay Example The theme of his writings indicates his passion for â€Å"humanised birth.† A child has the right to be born through right procedures and the woman has the right to give birth to a child in the normal course, wherein their human values and individual freedoms are protected. Medical fraternity has no business to adopt unethical practices cultivated on the fear psychology of pregnant women. Dr. Wagner makes a perfect case how and why a broken maternity system must be fixed to put women and children first, for it is an all-comprehending sociological problem which has important bearing on the overall welfare of the society. He is forthright to say that a patient need not and should not accept the doctor’s versions and decisions as truth-based in all circumstances, and doctors lie to the patients to serve their vested interests. Their disposition is like businessmen in any other category. They have a hidden agenda that serves their personal economic interests and that of the hospital of which they are the part. Detailing some of the pitfalls in the procedures adopted by obstetricians, Dr. Wagner writes, â€Å"Having the bag of water break before labour begins means that the baby and the womb are no longer protected from germs and infection.†(93)Wagner, citing many studies and real-life examples, concludes that natural births are healthier for women and babie s and it is an important psychological asset the mothers will carry proudly throughout their life. Delivering a baby is one of the most profound experiences, and the mother must own the right to make the informed choices of one’s life instead of making abject surrender to the doctor at the hospital. No options should be imposed on the pregnant mother and her choices should not be fear-based.

Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited Ptcl

Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited Ptcl Introduction: Currently, the business environment is facing challenges related to globalization and human resource. As global competition intensifies, and industries have become more intensive towards skill, the demand for talent, knowledge and skill-based workers is increasing. Due to this, companies and organizations are adopting sophisticated and high-end recruitment and selection strategies in order to get the right employee for the right position at the right time. As a result, e-recruitment had emerge and become more easy, accessible and efficient than the traditional methods (Tong Sivanand, 2005). The Internet Business Network, a US recruiting consulting firm, reported that the number of worldwide websites which contain job listing had increased from 500 to 200,000. In addition, the number of rà ©sumà ©s being posted and uploaded in e-recruitment websites had increased from 100,000 in 1995 to 2.5 million in 1998. According to the Forrester Researchs study, a total of 124,000 companies will be recruiting online (cited in Harvard Update, 2000). E-Recruitment in Pakistan In Pakistan today, online job searching had become very popular. This is because of the popularity of the Internet. Online job postings started in 1990, when different IT companies and universities begin to use the Internet in extensive manner. The first reference to online recruitment emerged in the mid-1980s, and the systematic reference to online recruitment in the HR began 10 years after mid-1990s. During the two years of existence, there are more or less 3,000 companies to use online career centres (OCC), or known as online job portals (Rehman Khan, 2010). Access to the Internet had been available in Pakistan since the early 1990s. PTCL was one of the companies in the country to take advantage of the benefits and advantages of the Internet, by offering different Internet services via nation-wide local call network. Currently, the Internet had become a vital part of the nation, particularly for the younger generation (Rehman Khan, 2010). In a qualitative, open-ended survey, 30 senior executives were interviewed to identify the existing HR trends in the IT industry of Pakistan. The result showed that 43% of the respondents prefer online vacancy posting or online posting in order to select and recruit candidates. Furthermore, 80% of the entire population chose rozee.pk as the main destination for online head-hunters, while the remaining 20% consists of theritemoves.com, bayt.com, yahoo groups, meramustakbil.com and LinkedIn, which are considered as the secondary destinations (Pervaz, 2009). Context of the Study: Recent study, in 1999, survey conducted in order to analyze the trends and development of online job searching processes in the job market of the country. The result of the study shows that time-saving is the primary motivator for Internet job searching, followed by, researching a wide area of jobs, providing global coverage, ease, and cost-saving. Thus, it shows that the Internet had been a very important means or channel of finding jobs for fresh graduates and jobholders (Rehman Khan, 2010). These are the primary reasons why the popularity of e-recruitment service providers is increasing. However, the study of Kin Tong Sinavanand (2005) showed that even though the revenues of e-recruiters are growing in rapid manner, their profits are still elusive. Reasons for Selecting the Research Environment: As stated in the proposed title, I choose Pakistan for its research environment. The primary reason behind, this is because I been located in the said country, thus, it will be feasible and accessible for me, because the respondents or the primary data can be accessed within the vicinity, and thus, cultural and ethical factors will not be a great factor. Nature of Organization or Case Study: Pakistani Telecommunications Company Limited (PTCL) was incorporated in Pakistan on December 31, 1995. The organization commenced business on January 1, 1996. It is listed an all of the three stock exchange in Pakistan. The company was established in order to undertake the telecommunication business that was first offered by Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC). The business was transferred to PTCL on January 1, 1996 under the Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act, 1996, which enable the company to take all of its resources, which include properties, rights, assets, obligations and liabilities of PTC, expect those that have been transferred to the National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC), Frequency Allocation Board (FAB), Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) and Pakistan Telecommunication Employees Trust (PTET) (Forex PK 2010). PTLC was chosen by the author because it is considered as one of the largest and biggest companies in the country. Currently, it is servicing innovations and technologies towards millions of people, improving their life. In 2010, the PTCL Group declared its 2009 revenue of Rs 49.4 billion, which was higher by 6%, compare with the last year (Forex PK 2010). Literature Review: There are vast literatures which tackle the issue of e-recruitment. However, most of these literatures mainly focus on the different advantages and benefits of e-recruitment inside different organizations. The study of Online recruitment connects 3 with top talent: HR specialist can learn a lot from marketing reveals how mobile-telephone company 3 is applying its e-recruitment in order to attract top talent in a highly competitive market. The study shows that e-recruitment had helped to increase the efficiency, easiness as well as speed of the hiring process, which made it easier for the managers to handle huge volumes of applications and interviews. The result also shows that there have been a great change in the recruitment process in the company, compared before, when the company was using combination of Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and Outlook in recruitment management. Thus, it had helped in order to improve the employer brand by the improvement of the application experience (25 26). The result was supported with the case study of Superdrug, a UK health and beauty retailer which focuses on describing the weaknesses of the paper and e-mail based recruitment system that the company used to apply. The result shows that the entire recruitment process has become quicker, more efficient and the company experienced 87% savings in using e-recruitment (2007, 26 28). The same result was experienced by Nike, a leading manufacturer of shoes and sports apparel, with the introduction of e-recruitment in Europe, Middle East and Asia (EMEA) headquarters of the company. The result shows that there 54% savings upon the introduction of the system, at the same time, the average time in filling up vacancies has fallen from 62 to 42 days (Anon, 2005). The study of Zafar, Shaukat and Mat (2010) about the e-human resource management practices inside State Bank of Pakistan of 37 employees, shows that e-HRM, together with e-recruitment, were applied and used inside the organization in order to acquire efficiency and effectiveness. In addition, the survey also showed that the employees and possible employees were satisfied with the current implementation of the system inside the organization. Thus, it enables the entire HRM department and the Bank to take advantage of IT in order to work with the different transactions related with HRM, particularly recruitment, selection and hiring. On the other hand, the study of Kin Tong (2009) enables to show some of the possible risks or hindrances in the success of e-recruitment implementation in an organization. Using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Perceived Privacy Risk (PPR), Performance Expectancy (PE), Application-Specific Self-Efficacy (ASSE) and Perceived Stress (PS) as key external factors, the author analyzes the perceptions and behaviours of the jobseekers towards the e-recruitment adoption in Malaysia. The result shows few key determinants to the adoption of technology. Many studies show that the acceptance of the technology, perceived risk and acceptance and job pressure of both employees (HR and IT department of companies) and the applicants are the major issues and challenges which affect the success of implementation of e-recruitment system. First, according to Lin Stansinskaya (2002) the lack of knowledge of e-recruitment of the HR community as well as the limited commitment of senior managers towards the system can greatly affect the quantity and quality of the candidates using the application (3). In addition, like any other application of the Internet, its users are concerned with the issue of confidentiality of important personal information. As a result, it hinders the openness of the applicants or candidates to use e-recruitment system (Kerrin Kettley 2003). On the other hand, Lin Stasinskaya (2004) imposed that companies are somewhat reluctant in using e-recruitment because of the issues regarding the accuracy, verifiability and accou ntability of the information about the applicants, which might limit the diversity among applicants. In addition, Lin Stasinskaya further argue that lack of personal interactions in the process of online employment applications can cause limitations in communication flow between the candidates and the employers, which lead to the frustration on the part of the candidates and the missed opportunities for the employer to gather more important information. Above all, the study of Stanton (1999) shows that e-recruitment can cause threat towards equal opportunity, because it may hamper the efforts of the organization in promoting diversity in their workforce. This is because; according to Sharf (2000) there are still vital differences in the percentage of households which possess Internet access within the poor community and disabled people. Even though, there are different researches which focus on the advantages and disadvantages of e-recruitment for organizations and individual career hunters, thus, there are numbers of research which mainly focus on the case of Malaysia, UK and the United States, there are few, if none, which focus on the case of Pakistan. This is very important because, it is vital to investigate further the impact of technology gap in the effectiveness of e-recruitment towards organizations and candidates for employment. Questions and Hypotheses: The study intended to answer the question: What are the barriers to implement e-recruitment or online recruitment system in Pakistan? And, how can these barriers can be overcome? In line with this, the study will work on the following assumptions: User acceptance of technology can lead to loss of money and resources and failure of e-recruitment system in Pakistan; Perceived risk and perceived acceptance can affect the decisions of organizations in Pakistani in deciding about implementation of e-recruitment; and Job pressure towards the staffs can affect the success of e-recruitment inside the organization. Aims and Objectives: The main aim of the study is to explore the different factors that can affect or influence the successful implementation of e-recruitment tools in Pakistani organizations. In line with this, the following will be the objectives of the study: To analyze the readiness of Pakistani business environment in implementation of e-recruitment systems in different organizations; To identify the different issues faced by hiring managers in Pakistan; To analyze how e-recruitment system can solve the problems and issues in recruitment process in Pakistan; and To recommend different processes and procedures on successful implementation of e-recruitment system in Pakistan. Methods Chosen This study will gather both textual and numerical data from the selected population of respondents. Thus, it will employ qualitative and quantitative method. With this, survey interview and questionnaire will be used in order to gather primary information. Questionnaire will be delivered and conducted towards the respondents with the supervision of the researcher, in order to prevent disadvantage of self-administered questionnaire. On the other hand, due to financial and time aspect, interview will be conducted via phone. Generally, this study will be descriptive in nature. This will focus on analyzing the current problem by focusing on the responses of the respondents. According to Creswell (1994), it will focus on presenting facts about the nature and status of a given situation as it exists during the time of the study, therefore, it will be helpful in analyzing the connections and practices that exists, beliefs that are ongoing, effects that are being felt and even trends that ar e being developed (Best 1970). As a result, it can help in order to describe the present or existing conditions and conditions based on the perceptions and opinions of the respondents of the study (Creswell, 1994). In general, descriptive studies not only focus on supply of knowledge regarding the different variabilities and regularities, but also stimulate the investigators to focus on the definition of master terms in unequivocal manner (Vallier, 1973, 217). In addition, this study will examine and explore the problems and questions by taking cross section of it one time using cross-sectional study (Rubin Babbie, 2009). With this, it can offer great advantage and benefits towards the researcher, because the research can be taken or implemented in a short period of time. Furthermore, because the topic, problems and questions associated with the study does not demand long-time observations and analysis, this method is of great use. In addition, case study will be used in the study . Case study are considered as set in temporal, geographical, organizational, institutional and other context which enable boundaries to be drawn around the said case, thus it can be defined by individuals and groups that are involved, together with their roles and functions in the case (Cohen, Manion Morrison, 2003, 182). Data Collection Methods Survey questionnaire and interview will be implemented. The name of the respondents to join the research will be chosen in random manner. The names of the entire population of the selected case will be listed in strips of paper, and then will be drawn. A total of 60 employees will be selected to answer the questionnaire administered by the researcher. Because the researcher believes that he/she will be taking working times of the respondents, the questionnaire will be employ closed questions. This is the type of question which all of the possible answers are identified and the respondents are asked to choose one of the answers. This was chosen because it will be beneficial both for the respondents and the researcher. It is easier to administer, easier and quicker to record the respondents and easier to code. In addition, its major disadvantages, which are the inability to raise new issues, will be complemented by the interview process. Out of the 60 employees, 10 will be selected in order to undergo interview. Unlike the survey questionnaire, the interview will employ open questions in order to raise new important issues regarding the problem of the study. The schedule of the interview will be dependent towards the availability of the respondents. Because of financial and time issues, phone interview will be implemented. Analysis Data analysis will be done in two ways: mathematical and document analysis. In document analysis, different information gathered from past literatures, articles, studies as well as annual reports and newspaper articles about the case will be analyzed, which will be used in order to support the mathematical result of the study, together with the interview result. On the other hand, the answers by the respondents in the survey questionnaires will be encoded in the SPSS, a statistical computer application, which will help the researcher to easily analyze the result of the survey. The following are the statistical formulas to be used: Percentage to determine the magnitude of the responses to the questionnaire. n % = x 100 ; n number of responses N N total number of respondents Weighted Mean f1x1 + f2x2 + f3x3 + f4x4 + f5x5 x = -; xt where: f weight given to each response x number of responses xt total number of responses Quality Issues: Reliability, Validity and Generasability of Intended Work: The concerns of the researcher upon the collection of data focus on the means of measuring the instruments: validity and reliability of the instrument used. Reliability pertains on the estimation of internal consistency which pertains on the level to which the sum of scores from a given set of items correspondents to the scores that would be obtained from a parallel set, which include the equal number of items which measure the same phenomenon. On the other hand, validity pertains on the estimate of the extent to which the data measure what is intended to be measure (Brewer Ware 2002). Thus, in order to maintain validity of the instruments to be used in the study, initial survey of 5 respondents will be done, they will not be included in the final data gathering procedure. The participants will be asked regarding the different parts of the questionnaire which needed changes. Thus, with accordance to their demands, the questionnaire will be changed in order to ensure that it will be easily understood and answered by the future respondents. Sample Frame The primary data will be gathered from the IT and HRM department of PTCL. A total of 50 respondents are targeted in this study, which include HR officers, IT staffs and newly hired employees (hired via the e-recruitment process). The names of the respondents will be chosen in random selection manner, which will help in order to prevent bias from the personal opinion and perception of the researcher towards the respondents. The name of the entire population of the said three groups will be listed in strips of paper and will be drawn by the researcher; this process is called the lottery. Ethical Issues The probable ethical issues in the study are informed consent and confidentiality. First, it is important to consider that right to privacy follows from the assumption that autonomous individuals have to right to make decisions regarding their lives, together with the information and data that are related to it. Therefore, it is the decision of the respondents if he or she will want to participate in the study. Even though the use of informed consent will be helpful, it is not considered as a panacea for the ethical problems. Therefore, this research will inform the participants of the study ahead of time, regarding the different information and aspects of the study, which will help in order for them to be informed, thus clarify future misconceptions and misunderstanding (Kitchener, 2000). Another important issue is confidentiality, this pertains not just towards the actual use of the data, but also in the process of gathering of data how the interview questions and survey questions are constructed. The researcher will not disclose personal information of the respondents, thus, the information gathered from the respondents will be used solely for the assessment. Benefits of the Study The proposed study will be very beneficial towards different types of organization, particularly, to those from the telecommunication industry. Overall, this will be helpful in analyzing and evaluating the different factors that are related to he e-recruitment process, particularly its advantages and disadvantages, which can help the most important resource in any business human resource. Limitations of the Study The main limitation of this paper focuses on the time that the author will spend in analyzing the case. Due to this, it had affected the methodologies, approaches and tools to be used in order to gather primary and secondary data. Consequently, this will have an impact towards the results and findings of the study. Primarily, this study will be limited to one organization. It is important to consider that each and every organization, in different sector or industry is unique in their own way, due to the different internal and external factors affect the organization. This is particularly important in the case of e-recruitment, because it will have to focus on the economic, social, technological and policy aspect of the macro-environment setting of the company. Conclusion Just like all of the countries in the world, Pakistan had been affected, and is continuously being affected by the Internet and globalization. Thus, it also affects how people seek jobs for money and daily living, and how companies look for useful people in order to achieve their organization goals and objectives. It can be applied in the case of PTCL, wherein the company strive for the better in order to improve their human resource management process, to catch the biggest fishes in the sea of pool of striving candidates.

Validity: External, Internal, and Construct Essay -- Business Manageme

Validity In research paradigm, validity and reliability are the most basic characteristic issues used in qualitative and quantitative analysis. Validity as a psychometric standard is embedded in a positivist approach, which is relevant in reflecting on the qualitative point of view ascribed to the establishment of the truth. In view of this, definition of positivism ascribe to a theory systematic to validity. Additionally, other empirical conceptions culminating from resided validity include truth, deduction, universal laws, evidence, reason, and actuality among others. For any qualitative research conducted, validity as a concept is a determinant that measures the truth concerning the investigation. Validity is measured by researchers by asking questions and answers are retrieved from other people’s research work (Joppe, 2000, p. 1). Other researchers define validity in quantitative research as construct validity. Construct implies initial concept, hypothesis, notion or question determining data gathered and method of data collection. However, quantitative practitioners affirm the cause or effect interplay between data and construct for validation of investigation by applying test procedures or processes (Golafshani, 2003, p. 599). As a result, with regard to validity, researchers conclude that, it is whether measurements of the mean are accurate or they are measuring the intended features. Accuracy of the mean helps in relating the cause-and-effect relationship present in internal validity. The above definition is associated with quantitative research methodology. It summarizes that validity to be the extent in which instruments measure the exact thing it purports to measure. An example of validity in research is ... ...nformation provided during the course of study. In the case of project construction management, leaders need to be aware of the variables affecting internal and external validity to be able to convince the readers on aspects introduced and needing further research. References Creswell, J. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 124-131. Cozby, P & Bates, C. (2012). Methods in behavioral research. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report 8 (4), 597-607. Scandura, T & Williams, E. (2000). Research Methodology in Management: Current Practices, Trends and Implications for Future Research. Academy of Management Journal 43 (6), 1248-1264. Trochim, W., & Donnelly, J. (2008). Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, 7